Page 39 - NIS - Malayalam, 01-15 January 2023

B-k-m-Z-n I-m A-a-r-X-v a-t-l-m-Õ-h-v c-m{-ã-w

h‑n‑j‑v‑W‑p K‑t‑W‑j‑v ]‑n‑w‑s‑¥

X‑s‑â F‑©‑n‑\‑o‑b‑d‑n‑w‑K‑v s-d-b-nÂ-t-h b-m-{-X-n-I-c-p-s-S
s‑s‑h‑Z‑K‑v‑²‑y‑w t‑_‑m‑w‑_‑v \‑nÀ‑½‑m‑W‑ F-®-¯-n hÀ-²-\
¯‑n‑\‑m‑b‑n {‑]‑t‑b‑m‑P‑\‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑¯‑n

1893þ Z-£-n-W-m-{-^-n-¡-b-n s-{-S-b-n-\-n \-n-¶-v
P-\-\-w: 1888 P-\-p-h-c-n 2-, a-c-W-w: 1915 \-h-w-_À 16 ]-p-d-¯-m-¡-s-¸-«-X-n-\-v t-i-j-a-m-W-v a-l-m-ß-m-K-m-Ô-n
k-X-y-m-{-K-l-w F-¶ B-i-b-¯-n-\-v A-S-n-¯-d-b-n-«-
X-v. X-s-â P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-e-p-S-\-o-f-w _-m-¸-p-h-n-\-v s-d-
C-´-y³ k-z-m-X-{-´-y k-a-c N-c-n-{-X-¯-n-s-e a-l-m-\-m-b h-n-¹-h- b-nÂ-t-h-b-p-a-m-b-n B-g-t-a-d-n-b-X-p-w A-X-p-e-y-h-p-a-m-b
I-m-c-n-, h-n-j-v-W-p K-t-W-j-v ]-n-w-s-¥ X-s-â 26þ-m-w h-b-Ê-n a-m- _-Ô-a-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. k-z-m-X-{-´-y k-a-c I-m-e-¯-v
X-r-c-m-P-y-¯-n-\-v t-h-ï-n P-o-h³ _-e-n-bÀ-¸-n-¨-p. 1888 P-\-p-h-c-n A-t-±-l-w h-f-s-c-b-[-n-I-w X-o-h-ï-n b-m-{-X-IÄ s-N-
2þ-\-v ]-q-s-\ P-n-Ã-b-n-s-e X-t-e-K-m-h-v [-w-t-[-s-c {-K-m-a-¯-n-e-m-W-v b-v-X-n-c-p-¶-p. C-´-y³ k-z-m-X-{-´-y k-a-c-¯-n H-c-p
A-t-±-l-w P-\-n-¨-X-v. {-]-X-n-I-q-e k-m-l-N-c-y-§-f-n k--v-I-qÄ h-n- {-]-[-m-\ ]-¦-v h-l-n-¨ s-d-b-nÂ-t-h-, C-¶-v \-½-p-s-S
P-o-h-n-X-§-s-f _-Ô-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶ H-c-p {-]-[-m-\ I-®-n-
Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-w ]-qÀ-¯-n-b-m-¡-n-b t-i-j-w C-e-t-{-Î-m-W-n-I-v F-©-n- b-m-b-n a-m-d-n-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p-, \-½-p-s-S s-s-h-h-n-[-y-a-mÀ-¶
\-o-b-d-n-w-K-n _-n-c-p-Z-w t-\-S-p-¶-X-n-\-m-b-n A-t-±-l-w h-m-j-n-w-K-v-S- k-w-k--v-I-m-c-s-¯ s-d-b-nÂ-t-h _-Ô-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p. {-S-m-
W-n-t-e-¡-v t-]-m-b-n. ¡-p-I-f-p-s-S F-®-w \-n-c-´-c-w h-n-I-k-n-¡-p-¶-p-s-h-¶-v
s-N-d-p-¸-w a-p-X-t-e h-n-¹-h-I-m-c-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p ]-n-w-s-¥. X-s-â a-m-{-X-a-Ã-, t-h-K-X-b-p-w hÀ-²-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v. 1950þ51
F-©-n-\-o-b-d-n-w-K-v _-n-c-p-Z-w c-m-P-y-¯-n-\-v H-c-p {-]-t-b-m-P-\-h-p-w s-N- a-p-X t-\-m-¡-n-b-m s-d-b-nÂ-t-h b-m-{-X-¡-m-c-p-
¿-n-s-Ã-¶-p-w-, {-_-n-«-o-j-p-I-mÀ-¡-v a-m-{-X-t-a K-p-W-w s-N-¿-q-s-h-¶-p-w s-S F-®-w B-d-n-c-«-n-b-n-e-[-n-I-w hÀ-[-n-¨-p. H-¸-w-,
A-t-±-l-w h-n-i-z-k-n-¨-p. a-m-X-r-c-m-P-y-¯-n-s-â k-z-m-X-{-´-y-¯-n-\-p-t-h- A-S-n-Ø-m-\ k-u-I-c-y h-n-I-k-\-w-, \-h-o-I-c-W-w-,
s-d-b-n i-r-w-J-e h-n-]-p-e-o-I-c-W-w-, N-c-¡-v K-X-m-K-
ï-n t-]-m-c-m-S-m³ A-t-±-l-w {-]-X-n-Ú-m-_-²-\-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-t-a- X-w-, k-p-X-m-c-y-X F-¶-n-h-b-n A-`-q-X-]-qÀ-h-a-m-b
c-n-¡-b-n X-m-a-k-n-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ e-m-e-m lÀ-Z-b-mÂ-, IÀ-¯-mÀ h-fÀ-¨ s-s-I-h-c-n-¡-m³ s-d-b-nÂ-t-h-¡-v I-g-n-ª-p.
k-n-M-v k-c-`-, ]-Þ-n-ä-v I-m³-j-n-d-m-w X-p-S-§-n-b h-n-¹-h-I-m-c-n-I-s-f {-]-[-m-\-a-{-´-n \-t-c-{-µ t-a-m-Z-n-b-p-s-S "\-h-o-I-c-W-w-,
-
A-t-±-l-w I-ï-p-a-p-«-n. e-m-e-m lÀ-Z-b-m-e-n-s-â D-]-t-Z-i-s-¯ X-p- {-]-I-S-\-w-, ]-c-n-hÀ-¯-\-w-' F-¶ a-{-´-¯-n-e-q-¶-n-,
SÀ-¶-m-W-v A-t-±-l-w K-±À ]-mÀ-«-n-b-n t-NÀ-¶-X-v. C-´-y-b-n a-m-t-\-P-v--s-aâ-n-s-â k-a-k-v--X t-a-J-e-I-f-n-e-p-s-a-¶-p
X-n-c-n-s-¨-¯-n-b t-i-j-w ]-©-m-_-n-s-e h-n-¹-h {-]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f-p-a-m- t-h-ï-, F-Ã-m {-]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f-n-e-p-w C-´-y³ s-d-
b-n A-t-±-l-w k-l-I-c-n-¨-p. C-u I-m-e-b-f-h-nÂ-, d-m-j-v _-n-l-m-c-n b-nÂ-t-h I-m-X-e-m-b ]-c-n-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡-v-- X-p-S-
¡-a-n-«-p.
t-_-m-k-v-, i-N-o-{-µ-\-m-Y-v k-\-y-m X-p-S-§-n-b h-n-¹-h-I-m-c-n-I-f-p-a-m-
b-n A-t-±-l-w c-l-k-y _-Ô-w ]-p-eÀ-¯-p-I a-m-{-X-a-Ã-, A-h-c-p-
s-S h-n-i-z-k-v-X-\-m-b-n a-m-d-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p. h-n-j-v-W-p K-t-W-j-v 76.51 80.86
]-n-w-s-¥ X-s-â F-©-n-\-o-b-d-n-w-K-v s-s-\-]-p-W-y-w k-w-L-S-\-b-p-s-S
B-h-i-y-¯-n-\-p-Å t-_-m-w-_-v \-nÀ-½-n-¡-m³ h-n-\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¨-p.
H-¶-m-w t-e-m-I-a-l-m-b-p-²-k-a-b-¯-v K-±À ]-mÀ-«-n {-_-n-«-o-j-p-I-mÀ-
s-¡-X-n-s-c k-m-b-p-[ I-e-m-]-w B-k-q-{-X-W-w s-N-b-v-X-p. ]-©-m-_-v-, 48.33
_-w-K-mÄ-, D-¯À-{-]-t-Z-i-v F-¶-n-h-n-S-§-f-n h-n-¹-h-¯-n-\-p-Å 36.13 38.58
F-Ã-m {-I-a-o-I-c-W-§-f-p-w ]-qÀ-¯-n-b-m-¡-n. ]-t-£-, \-nÀ-`-m-K-y-h- 24.31
i-mÂ-, h-n-¹-h-I-m-c-n-I-f-p-s-S ]-²-X-n-IÄ {-_-n-«-o-j-p-I-mÀ-¡-v t-N-mÀ- 15.94
¶-v I-n-«-n. 1915 a-mÀ-¨-v 24 \-v a-o-d-ä-n-s-e I-t-â-m¬-s-aâ-n \-n-¶-v 12.84
t-_-m-w-_-p-I-f-p-w k-v-t-^-m-S-I h-k-v-X-p-¡-f-p-w k-l-n-X-w ]-n-w-s-¥-s-b
{-_-n-«-o-j-p-I-mÀ A-d-Ì-v s-N-b-v-X-p. e-m-t-l-mÀ K-q-V-m-t-e-m-N-\-b-p- 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11 2019-20
s-S t-]-c-n ]-n-w-s-¥-s-b h-n-N-m-c-W s-N-¿-p-I-b-p-w h-[-i-n-£-b-v- (Number of passengers in crores)
¡-v h-n-[-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p. I-m-W-m-\-m-b-n P-b-n-e-n s-N-¶
h-t-µ `-m-c-X-v F-I--v-k-v-{-]-k-v þ -"t-a-¡-v C³
A-½-t-b-m-S-v h-n-j-v-W-p K-t-W-j-v ]-n-w-s-¥ C-§-s-\ ]-d-ª-p-,
""A-t-½-, a-m-X-r-c-m-P-y-¯-n-s-â t-a-m-N-\-a-m-W-v F-s-â A-´-y-m-`-n- C-´-y-' ]-²-X-n-b-p-s-S h-n-P-b-¯-n-\-v D-Ö-z-e
D-Z-m-l-c-W-w; X-n-I-¨-p-w ]-p-X-n-b b-m-{-X-m-\-p-
e-m-j-w. A-X-n-\-m a-m-X-r-c-m-P-y-t-¯-m-S-p-Å F-s-â I-S-w R-m³ `-h-a-m-W-v h-t-µ `-m-c-X-v F-I--v-k-v-{-]-k-v b-m-{-X-
C-u P-·-¯-n h-o-«-s-«. A-S-p-¯ P-·-w h-o-ï-p-w A-½-b-p-s-S ¡-mÀ-¡-v k-½-m-\-n-¡-p-¶-X-v.
X-s-¶ KÀ-`-]-m-{-X-¯-n P-\-n-¨-v R-m³ B I-S-h-p-w h-o-«-p-w.'' I-h-N-v þ s-{-S-b-n³ k-p-c-£ hÀ-²-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-
IÀ-¯-mÀ k-n-w-K-v k-c-`-b-v-¡-p-w a-ä-v A-©-v h-n-¹-h-I-m-c-n-IÄ-¡-p-w X-n-\-v X-t-±-i-o-b-a-m-b-n h-n-I-k-n-¸-n-¨ H-m-t-«-m-
H-¸-w 1915 \-h-w-_À 16þ-\-v e-m-t-l-mÀ s-k³-{-S P-b-n-e-n a-m-ä-n-I-v s-{-S-b-n³ k-w-c-£-W k-w-h-n-[-m-\-w.
A-t-±-l-s-¯ X-q-¡-n-t-e-ä-n
\yq C-´y k-am-NmÀ P\p-hcn 1-15, 2023 37